When Damascus Califates conquered Spain 711-755 AD
 
Historical Context:
 
The Felus (plural: Fulus) was a fractional coin of the Dirham, widely circulated during the Umayyad period, particularly in the Province of Al-Andalus and North Africa. It was issued under the authority of the Governors (Walis), who were appointed by the Caliphs of Damascus to oversee newly conquered territories. These governors held authority for annual or bi-annual terms, typically between 711-755 AD.
 
During this period, the Umayyad Caliphate was at its height, expanding across North Africa and into the Iberian Peninsula. The economy of the Islamic world was transitioning from Byzantine and Sassanian monetary traditions, with Fulus being an essential component of daily commerce. Unlike Dirhams (silver) and Dinars (gold), the Felus was a low-value, base metal coin used for everyday transactions.
 
Economic Role & Use:
 
The Felus was a low-value currency used primarily for small transactions and daily trade in markets.
It was commonly used to purchase:
Basic food items (bread, fruit, vegetables, and grains).
Small household goods.
Market fees and services.
Unlike Dirhams (silver) and Dinars (gold), which were used for large transactions, land purchases, and tax payments, the Felus was a local currency with limited cross-regional value.
 
Historical Significance:
 
Umayyad Monetary Reform: The Fulus were an important part of early Islamic monetary policy, helping transition economies from Byzantine and Visigothic coinage to an Islamic monetary system.
Regional Variations: Due to the lack of strict standardization, local mints produced unique designs, influenced by pre-Islamic coinage traditions.
Cultural Exchange: Some Felus coins retain Christian and Persian imagery, reflecting the diverse populations within the Umayyad Caliphate.